Why would I do that? Why would I use C# for it? And how fast is it? Continue reading to find out.

OK, but why?

You might have noticed I’m not happy with the Python packaging ecosystem. But the language itself is no longer fun for me to code in either. It is especially not fun to maintain projects in. Elementary quality-of-life features get bogged down in months of discussions and design-by-committee. At the same time, there’s a new release every year, full of removed and deprecated features. A lot of churn, without much benefit. I just don’t feel like doing it anymore.

Python is praised for being fast to develop in. That’s certainly true, but a good high-level statically-typed language can yield similar development speed with more correctness from day one. For example, I coded an entire table-of-contents-sidebar feature in one evening (and one more evening of CSS wrangling to make it look good). This feature extracts headers from either the Markdown AST or the HTML fragment. I could do it in Python, but I’d need to jump through hoops to get Python-Markdown to output headings with IDs. In C#, introspecting what a class can do is easier thanks to great IDE support and much less dynamic magic happening at runtime. There are also decompiler tools that make it easy to look under the hood and see what a library is doing.

Writing a static site generator is also a learning experience. A competent SSG needs to ingest content in various formats (as nobody wants to write blog posts in HTML by hand) and generate HTML (usually from templates) and XML (which you could, in theory, do from templates, but since XML parsers are not at all lenient, you don’t want to). Image processing to generate thumbnails is needed too. And to generate correct RSS feeds, you need to parse HTML to rewrite links. The list of small-but-useful things goes on.

Is C#/.NET a viable technology stack for a static site generator?

C#/.NET is certainly not the most popular technology stack for static site generators. JamStack.org have gathered a list of 377 SSGs. Grouping by language, there are 154 generators written in JavaScript or TypeScript, 55 generators written in Python, and 28 written in PHP of all languages. C#/.NET is in sixth place with 13 (not including YABG; I’m probably not submitting it).

However, it is a pretty good choice. Language-level support for concurrency with async/await (based on a thread pool) and JIT compilation help to make things fast. But it is still a high-level, object-oriented language where you don’t need to manually manage memory (hi Rustaceans!).

The library ecosystem is solid too. There are plenty of good libraries for working with data serialization formats: CsvHelper, YamlDotNet, Microsoft.Data.Sqlite, and the built-in System.Text.Json and System.Xml.Linq. Markdig handles turning Markdown into HTML. Fluid is an excellent templating library that implements the Liquid templating language. HtmlAgilityPack is solid for manipulating HTML, and Magick.NET wraps the ImageMagick library.

There’s one major thing missing from the above list: code highlighting. There are a few highlighting libraries on NuGet, but I decided to stick with Pygments. I still need the Pygments stylesheets around since I’m not converting old reStructuredText posts to Markdown (I’m copying them as HTML directly from Nikola’s cache), so using Pygments for new content keeps things consistent. Staying with Pygments means I still maintain a bit of Python code, but much less: 230 LoC in pygments_better_html and 89 in yabg_pygments_adapter, with just one third-party dependency. Calling a subprocess while rendering listings is slow, but it’s a price worth paying.

Paid libraries in the .NET ecosystem

All the above libraries are open source (MIT, Apache 2.0, BSD-2-Clause). However, one well-known issue of the .NET ecosystem is the number of packages that suddenly become commercial. This trend was started by ImageSharp, a popular 2D image manipulation library. I could probably use it, since it’s licensed to open-source projects under Apache 2.0, but I’d rather not. I initially tried SkiaSharp, but it has terrible image scaling algorithms, so I settled on Magick.NET.

Open-source sustainability is hard, maybe impossible. But I don’t think transitioning from open-source to pay-for-commercial-use is the answer. In practice, many businesses just use the last free version or switch to a different library. I’d rather support open-source projects developed by volunteers in their spare time. They might not be perfect or always do exactly what I want, but I’m happy to contribute fixes and improve things for everyone. I will avoid proprietary or dual-licensed libraries, even for code that never leaves my computer. Some people complain when Microsoft creates a library that competes with a third-party open-source library (e.g. Microsoft.AspNetCore.OpenApi, which was built to replace Swashbuckle.AspNetCore), but I am okay with that, since libraries built or backed by large corporations (like Microsoft) tend to be better maintained.

But at least sometimes trash libraries take themselves out.

Is it fast?

One of the things that set Nikola apart from other Python static site generators is that it only rebuilds files that need to be rebuild. This does make Nikola fast when rebuilding things, but it comes at a cost: Nikola needs to track all dependencies very closely. Also, some features that are present in other SSGs are not easy to achieve in Nikola, because they would cause many pages to be rebuilt.

YetAnotherBlogGenerator has almost no caching. The only thing currently cached is code listings, since they’re rendered using Pygments in a subprocess. Additionally, the image scaling service checks the file modification date to skip regenerating thumbnails if the source image hasn’t changed. And yet, even if it rewrites everything, YABG finishes faster than Nikola when the site is fully up-to-date (there is nothing to do).

I ran some quick benchmarks comparing the performance of rendering the final Nikola version of this blog against the first YABG version (before the Bootstrap 5 redesign).

Testing methodology

Here’s the testing setup:

• AWS EC2 instances
  • c7a.xlarge (4 vCPU, 8 GB RAM)
  • 30 GB io2 SSD (30000 IOPS)
  • Total cost: $2.95 + tax for about an hour’s usage ($2.66 of which were storage costs)
• Fedora 43 from official Fedora AMI
  • Python 3.14.2 (latest available in the repos)
  • .NET SDK 10.0.102 / .NET 10.0.2 (latest available in the repos)
  • setenforce 0, SELINUX=disabled
• Windows Server 2025
  • Python 3.14.3 (latest available in winget)
  • .NET SDK 10.0.103 / .NET 10.0.3 (latest available in winget)
  • Windows Defender disabled

I ran three tests. Each test was run 11 times. The first attempt was discarded (as a warmup and to let me verify the log). The other ten attempts were averaged as the final result. I used PowerShell’s Measure-Command cmdlet for measurements.

The tests were as follows:

1. Clean build (no cache, no output)
   • Removing .doit.db, cache, and output from the Nikola site, so that everything has to be rebuilt from scratch.
   • Removing .yabg_cache.sqlite3 and output from the YABG site, so that everything has to be reuilt from scratch, most notably the Pygments code listings have to be regenerated via a subprocess.
2. Build with cache, but no output
   • Removing output from the Nikola site, so that posts rendered to HTML by docutils/Python-Markdown are cached, but the final HTML still need to be built.
   • Removing output from the YABG site, so that the code listings rendered to HTML by Pygments are cached, but everything else needs to be built.
3. Rebuild (cache and output intact)
   • Not removing anything from the Nikola site, so that there is nothing to do.
   • Not removing anything from the YABG site. Things are still rebuilt, except for Pygments code listings and thumbnails.

For YetAnotherBlogGenerator, I tested two builds: one in Release mode (standard), and another in ReadyToRun mode, trading build time and executable size for faster execution.

All the scripts I used for setup and testing can be found in listings.

Test results

Design details and highlights

Here are some fun tidbits from development.

Everything is an item

In Nikola, there are several different entities that can generate HTML files. Posts and Pages are both Post objects. Listings and galleries each have their own task generators. There’s no Listing class, everything is handled within the listing plugin. Galleries can optionally have a Post object attached (though that Post is not picked up by the file scanner, and it is not part of the timeline). The listings and galleries task generators both have ways to build directory trees.

In YABG, all of the above are Items. Specifically, they start as SourceItems and become Items when rendered. For listings, the source is just the code and the rendered content is Pygments-generated HTML. For galleries, the source is a TSV file with a list of included gallery images (order, filenames, and descriptions), and the generated content comes from a meta field named galleryIntroHtml. Gallery objects have a GalleryData object attached to their Item object as RichItemData.

This simplifies the final rendering pipeline design. Only four classes (actual classes, not temporary structures in some plugin) can render to HTML: Item, ItemGroup (tags, categories, yearly archives, gallery indexes), DirectoryTreeGroup (listings), and LinkGroup (archive and tag indexes). Each has a corresponding template model. Nikola’s sitemap generator recurses through the output directory to find files, but YABG can just use the lists of items and groups. The sitemap won’t include HTML files from the files folder, but I don’t need them there (though I could add them if needed).

Windows first, Linux in zero time

I developed YABG entirely on Windows. This forced me to think about paths and URLs as separate concepts. I couldn’t use most System.IO.Path facilities for URLs, since they would produce backslashes. As a result, there are zero bugs where backslashes leak into output on Windows. Nikola has such bugs pop up occasionally; indeed, I fixed one yesterday.

But when YABG was nearly complete, I ran it on Linux. And it just worked. No code changes needed. No output differences. (I had to add SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux and apt install libfontconfig1 since I was stilll using SkiaSharp at that point, but that’s no longer needed with Magick.NET.)

Not everything is perfect, though. I added a --watch mode based on FileSystemWatcher, but it doesn’t work on Linux. I don’t need it there; I’d have to switch to polling to make it work.

Dependency injection everywhere

A good principle used in object-oriented development (though not very often in Python) is dependency injection. I have several grouping services, all implementing either IPostGrouper or IItemGrouper. They’re registered in the DI container as implementations of those interfaces. The GroupEngine doesn’t need to know about specific group types, it just gets them from the container and passes the post and item arrays.

The ItemRenderEngine has a slightly different challenge: it needs to pick the correct renderer for the post (Gallery, HTML, Listing, Markdown). The renderers are registered as keyed services. The render engine does not need to know anything about the specific renderer types, it just gets the renderer name from the SourceItem’s ScanPattern (so ultimately from the configuration file) and asks the DI container to provide it with the right implementation.

In total, there are 37 specific service implementations registered (plus system services like TimeProvider and logging). Beyond these two examples, the main benefit is testability. I can write unit tests without dependencies on unrelated services, and without monkey-patching random names. (In Python, unittest.mock does both monkey-patching and mocking.)

Okay, I haven’t written very many tests, but I could easily ask an LLM to do it.

Immutable data structures and no global state

All classes are immutable. This helps in several ways. It’s easier to reason about state when SourceItem becomes Item during rendering, compared to a single class with a nullable Content property. Immutability also makes concurrency safer. But the biggest win is how easy it was to develop the --watch mode. Every service has Scoped lifetime, and main logic lives in IMainEngine. I can just create a new scope, get the engine, and run it without state leaking between executions. No subprocess launching, no state resetting — everything disappears when the scope is disposed.

Can anyone use it?

On one hand, it’s open source under the 3-clause BSD license and available on GitHub.

On the other hand, it’s more of a source-available project. There are no docs, and it was designed specifically for this site (so some things are probably too hardcoded for your needs). In fact, this blog’s configuration and templates were directly hardcoded in the codebase until the day before launch. But I’m happy to answer questions and review pull requests!

Disclaimer: author is a developer and user of Nikola. The test environments used were the same for all four generators.

So, considering I’m so invested in Nikola already, I produced the projectpages plugin and also made it publicly available. The plugin produces two files, projects/index.html and projects/projects.json, and also enforces a specific framework for the stories used for the individual projects, because all the metadata are taken from special meta fields.

In Nikola, post metadata is completely arbitrary (in fact, that’s my fault; I contributed the feature back in February 2013). You can put anything you want, and Nikola will let any plugin and template use the information in any way it likes.

And that is basically the gist of the projectpages plugin. Using some specific meta fields, the plugin produces all the files. It also provides ready-made templates for the story pages (though the default templates are designed to fit my site only).

This plugin is basically a special index page generator. It takes all the stories in the designated projects directory, looks at the metadata, and lists them in a nice format (slider of featured projects + a list of everything else that is not hidden). Everything automated and done for you, as is always with Nikola — which values simplicity and ease of use.

The result: a pretty projects page. And some good OSS work done.

PS. I just underwent a move to DigitalOcean and I love them. Moreover, this blog is proudly HTTPS only as of yesterday.

(2026 update: I eventually became a maintainer of Nikola. As of 2026, this blog is now powered by my very own YetAnotherBlogGenerator, written in C#.)