What an ARM Mac means for developers and Windows users
The rumor mill was right this time, and Apple has just announced they will transition Macs to ARM processors. These news have some side effects for software developers, particularly those not working with the Apple ecosystem. And they also affect people who depend on both macOS and Windows.
In this post, I am not going to focus in the differences between x86_64 and ARM, RISC and CISC, and all the benchmarks. Let’s assume that Apple manages to offer ARM-based CPUs that can match performance of most Intel processors in Apple’s lineup, and let’s even assume they can make an ARM Mac Pro. (A note on naming: Apple Silicon is the official name, but it sounds ugly. I’ll just call it ARM. For Intel, I’ll use either Intel or x86(_64).)
For many users, the transition will be more-or-less transparent. Sure, they’ll lose some apps, just like they probably did with Catalina (which dropped support for 32-bit Intel apps), or some apps will not be available/will be buggy in the first few months of the transition (though it will be easier than the PowerPC transition, because Apple uses little-endian byte order on ARM).
How will it work out in Apple land?
For developers who work only on iOS apps, the transition also won’t mean much. Maybe a faster, more accurate Simulator. They’ll need to buy an ARM Mac sooner or later (within the next 5 years), because Apple requires them to use the latest Xcode version for App Store submissions, and Xcode supports at best the previous version of macOS. But that has been Apple’s policy forever, and the Intel Macs will probably be within the usual deprecation range when that happens.
The requirements for macOS-only developers are pretty obvious, they will need to buy an ARM Mac on day one, so they can test their apps on the new platform. They will also need to work on ARM compatibility — although updating your app for the new OS is a yearly ritual in Apple land, so that’s also mostly business-as-usual (unless you do a lot of unportable low-level stuff in your code). There are some pro apps that tend to lag behind new Apple decrees (some might have been hit by Catalina), and users of those apps might prefer to stay with Intel for a little bit longer.
But then, we get to the requirements of developers who use Macs, but don’t work exclusively with the Apple platforms. This is a fairly large group, since many developers like Macs for the good hardware, Unix-based software, and the integration of both. And for some part, non-developers are affected too.
Who needs non-Apple operating systems?
The first group are people tied to Windows, somehow. Some of them might be using Boot Camp to play games. Others might be using Boot Camp or virtualization software (Parallels Desktop, VMware Fusion, Oracle VM VirtualBox) to run Windows and Windows-specific apps — perhaps they need the Windows version of Office, or various Windows-onlypro apps, or they need Windows to file their taxes, because their government does not care about non-Windows OSes. Or perhaps they’re web developers, and they need to test compatibility with the Windows versions of browsers, or the old Microsoft browsers (IE and pre-Chromium Edge).
The second group is software developers who need Linux. While macOS provides a very competent development environment, and many things can be run directly on macOS, some use-cases may require a Linux VM. Perhaps the most notable case is Docker.
Docker is a solution for lightweight app containers, that can offer separation
between apps, and that can simplify and standardize deployment. Docker itself
is not a virtualization solution (at least in the traditional sense). Docker
must run on top of Linux (there’s also Docker-on-Windows, but that’s another
story). The Docker Desktop for Mac app runs a lightweight Linux VM, and runs
containers in that VM. The virtualization solution Docker for Mac uses is Hypervisor.framework, which is
part of macOS itself.
Who else needs virtualization? Android developers. The Android Emulator is also a virtual machine that runs the Android operating system. Android can run on different architectures, and so, a x86 system image is typically used for the Emulator.
Is virtualization possible on ARM?
Yes, definitely. Apple has been testing it much earlier, since the
aforementioned Hypervisor.framework was found on iOS in April.
And Apple announced virtualization support for ARM Macs during the keynote, and
showed an example of a Linux VM. That VM was, of course, running an ARM64
distribution of Linux.
But what can we use this for? Turns out, it’s complicated. The easiest thing from the few use-cases mentioned before is Android. Google just needs to get the Emulator working on ARM Macs and ship that to the devs.
What about Linux in general? Many mainstream distributions support ARM64, so that’s not a problem in general. The support for a particular distro or software might be worse than on x86_64, but it’s generally not a problem for users.
But for Docker, there’s a problem. One of the many advantages of Docker is dev-prod parity. If you deploy your app with Docker to an x86_64 Linux server, you can also install Docker on an x86_64 Linux developer machine (or a Linux VM on an Intel Mac/Windows PC). Both the server and the dev machine can run the same image, the same code, the same configuration. That won’t happen if they are a different architecture. This means that you can end up with bugs happening because of different environments, and it’s also possible that some images you depend on are not available for both architectures.
And then we get to Windows. Windows also has an ARM version, but it’s currently available only with a new ARM device (you can’t buy it standalone). If Microsoft were to sell this, we’d have an issue with the software. Windows 10 on ARM supports 32/64-bit ARM software, and can run 32-bit Intel (x86) software using emulation. It cannot, however, emulate apps that require 64-bit Intel processors (x86_64). This makes the software situation on that platform a bit better. While many developers don’t care about ARM and might not have builds for ARM available, most Windows software is available in both x86 and x86_64 versions, or is exclusively 32-bit. But certain pro apps are x86_64 only, so if there is no ARM build of it, an ARM Windows PC currently cannot run it. (Update: Microsoft announced x86_64 emulation on ARM, which means more software will work.)
And note that Microsoft knows about the transition, but we haven’t heard anything about Windows during the keynote…
Can we emulate x86(_64) and run x86(_64) Windows 10?
Theoretically? Yes. Practically? No.
The issue with emulation is speed. There are a few x86 emulators available, and those emulators can be run on an ARM device just fine. You can find videos on YouTube (not a very reliable source of information, I know) in which people try to benchmark those, or try to run Windows using an emulator like that. And even with an ancient Windows version, the emulation is painfully slow. Windows 10 would be basically unusable if you tried to emulate all of it.
How does the x86 emulation on Windows 10 for ARM work? You can watch the Channel 9 video about Windows 10 on ARM (around 6:00) for more details. The trick is that system DLLs are using a hybrid x86/ARM64 library format, which means x86 code can call those DLLs at native speeds. This means that many apps run at near-native speed (depending on the ratio of custom code to system DLL calls). This technique cannot work for emulating the entire operating system. If Windows 10 on ARM was made available for ARM Macs, running x86 Windows apps would become feasible.
Rosetta probably uses similar technique. Most apps will be translated at install time, not at run time. But you can’t do that with an entire OS.
What’s next for people who rely on both macOS and Windows?
For a few more years, Intel Macs will still be supported by Apple (with new macOS versions) and by software vendors. But after that? Well, you’re stuck with two machines, at least until Windows on ARM becomes viable and runnable on Macs. Or you can start exploring alternatives to macOS software. If you’re one of the macOS-as-UNIX-with-great-UX developers (hello!), perhaps you’ll have to switch to Linux — or perhaps Windows with Windows Subsystem for Linux? (The latter is becoming more usable with every Windows release, so keep an eye on that… I wrote this post in NeoVim in WSL2, with Windows Terminal supporting many advanced terminal features, and the transparent filesystem integration letting me access Windows files directly).
Post-M1 announcement update (2020-11-14)
Parallels have confirmed support for M1 Macs and are offering a Technical Preview of their M1 virtualization product. This announcement’s mention of Windows 10 ARM supporting x86_64 apps has caused some tech writers to assume Parallels will support Windows 10 ARM on M1 Macs. This is not what the post says. Parallels is not, and cannot announce support for that OS, because Windows 10 ARM is (still) available to ARM OEMs only to install on their devices — making an official announcement about this feature today would be admitting to doing something illegal/not allowed by the EULA. I’m pretty sure they are not working on support for Windows 10 ARM now and in the foreseeable future, until Microsoft opens up Windows 10 ARM to the public — their own legal issues aside, who would they sell the Windows support to?
In other news, Docker is not ready yet.